i believe i found the answer: config PHYS_OFFSET in my device kernel code.
[kernel code dir]/arch/arm/Kconfig:
config PHYS_OFFSET
        hex "Physical address of main memory" if MMU
        depends on !ARM_PATCH_PHYS_VIRT
        default DRAM_BASE if !MMU
        default 0x00000000 if ARCH_EBSA110 || \
                        ARCH_FOOTBRIDGE || \
                        ARCH_INTEGRATOR || \
                        ARCH_IOP13XX || \
                        ARCH_KS8695 || \
                        ARCH_REALVIEW
        default 0x10000000 if ARCH_OMAP1 || ARCH_RPC
        default 0x20000000 if ARCH_S5PV210
        default 0xc0000000 if ARCH_SA1100
        help
          Please provide the physical address corresponding to the
          location of main memory in your system.