I saw in the steps for flashing Android firmware that dtbo is another partition. So I flashed it as well. I didn't notice much difference with or without it though, but if it was part of the build, it probably makes sense to flash it 🤷🏼♂ 😊
Thanks @arubislander for the replies!
Luckily, this issue is resolved in the latest images 🙌
Huge thanks to @rubencarneiro for taking care about the X306X as well 🙇