@doniks Here are the results from what you asked. As I was trying, I noticed that the N5 finally mounted on my laptop! But for some reason, sometimes it still loses the connection... So is it bricked, or is the USB connector which is to replace (from the N5, maybe, as I tried several cables) ?
Anyway, here are the results, with a great thank you also for your time and your kindness:
1. lsusb
(without anything plugged in)
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 064e:9700 Suyin Corp. Asus Integrated Webcam
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0a2a Intel Corp.
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
2. lsusb
(with the N5 booted)
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 064e:9700 Suyin Corp. Asus Integrated Webcam
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0a2a Intel Corp.
Bus 001 Device 030: ID 18d1:4ee2 Google Inc. Nexus 4 (debug)
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
3. lsusb
(with device into recovery mode)
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 064e:9700 Suyin Corp. Asus Integrated Webcam
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0a2a Intel Corp.
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
4. tail -f /var/log/syslog
(with device into recovery mode)
Feb 28 23:24:54 localhost gnome-session[2211]: (nautilus:20921): GLib-GIO-CRITICAL **: g_dbus_interface_skeleton_unexport: assertion 'interface_->priv->connections != NULL' failed
Feb 28 23:24:54 localhost gnome-session[2211]: (nautilus:20921): Gtk-CRITICAL **: gtk_icon_theme_get_for_screen: assertion 'GDK_IS_SCREEN (screen)' failed
Feb 28 23:24:54 localhost gnome-session[2211]: (nautilus:20921): GLib-GObject-WARNING **: invalid (NULL) pointer instance
Feb 28 23:24:54 localhost gnome-session[2211]: (nautilus:20921): GLib-GObject-CRITICAL **: g_signal_connect_object: assertion 'G_TYPE_CHECK_INSTANCE (instance)' failed
Feb 28 23:24:54 localhost dbus[814]: [system] Activating via systemd: service name='org.freedesktop.hostname1' unit='dbus-org.freedesktop.hostname1.service'
Feb 28 23:24:54 localhost systemd[1]: Starting Hostname Service...
Feb 28 23:24:54 localhost gnome-session[2211]: (nautilus:2394): Gtk-WARNING **: Refusing to add non-unique action 'TerminalNautilus:OpenFolderLocal' to action group 'ExtensionsMenuGroup'
Feb 28 23:24:54 localhost dbus[814]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.hostname1'
Feb 28 23:24:54 localhost systemd[1]: Started Hostname Service.
Feb 28 23:25:01 localhost CRON[20942]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/null && debian-sa1 1 1)
5. tail -f /var/log/syslog
(with device into recovery mode)
Feb 28 23:19:08 localhost kernel: [35096.841602] usb 1-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
Feb 28 23:19:08 localhost kernel: [35096.841607] usb 1-1: Product: Android
Feb 28 23:19:08 localhost kernel: [35096.841611] usb 1-1: Manufacturer: Google
Feb 28 23:19:08 localhost kernel: [35096.841614] usb 1-1: SerialNumber: 02e845da21307082
Feb 28 23:19:08 localhost mtp-probe: checking bus 1, device 38: "/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb1/1-1"
Feb 28 23:19:08 localhost mtp-probe: bus: 1, device: 38 was not an MTP device
Feb 28 23:19:30 localhost smartd[926]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], SMART Usage Attribute: 194 Temperature_Celsius changed from 68 to 59
Feb 28 23:20:49 localhost kernel: [35198.190092] usb 1-1: USB disconnect, device number 38
Feb 28 23:20:51 localhost kernel: [35200.286754] usb 1-1: new full-speed USB device number 39 using xhci_hcd
Feb 28 23:20:51 localhost kernel: [35200.398788] usb 1-1: device descriptor read/64, error -71